Kajian Kualitatif Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik di DKI Jakarta
Keywords:
air limbah domestik, dki Jakarta, pencemaran air, keberlanjutan
Abstract
Pencemaran air permukaan dan air tanah yang terjadi di DKI Jakarta menunjukan kecenderungan yang semakin meningkat. Upaya pengembangan pengolahan air limbah domestik rumah tangga terpusat yang telah dimulai oleh Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta sejak tahun 1972 berjalan sangat lambat. Telah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan dan dapat dijadikan referensi, namun belum banyak yang membahas keberlanjutan pengelolaan air limbah domestik secara holislik. Berdasarkan studi literatur (2012-2018) dan expert judgement yang dilakukan, konsep pembangunan berkelanjutan pada dasarnya adalah bagaimana menempatkan aspek ekologi, ekonomi, sosial, teknologi dan kelembagaan sebagai satu kesatuan yang tidak bisa dipisahkan sehingga dapat memenuhi kebutuhan generasi sekarang tanpa mengurangi kemampuan generasi masa depan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan mereka. Sistem pengelolaan air limbah domestik yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta masih bersifat parsial dan tidak holistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengelolaan air limbah domestik di DKI Jakarta berada pada status yang kurang berkelanjutan. Untuk itu penetapan strategi prioritas guna mencapai tujuan program pengembangan pengelolaan air limbah domestik serta perumuskan strategi pengembangan pengelolaan air limbah domestik, baik penurunan tingkat pencemaran air, pembiayaan pengembangan, pemilihan teknologi, penanganan masalah sosial, penyediaan lahan, pengembangan kelembagaan serta peningkatan peran serta masyarakat, perlu dilakukan untuk keberlanjutan pengelolaan air limbah domestik di DKI Jakarta.
References
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Flores A, Bukley C, Fenner R. 2008. Selecting Wastewater Sistem for Sustainability In Developing Countries. Di dalam: 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage. 2008 Augustus 31-September 5; Edinburgh, Scotland. United Kingdom.
Friedler E, Pisanty E. 2006. Effect of design flow and treatment level on construction and operation costs of municipal wastewater treatment plants and their implications on policy making. Water Research. 40:3751-3758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres. 2006.08.015.
Gaulke LS, Weiyang X, Scanlon A, Henk A, Hinckley T. 2009. Evaluation criteria for implementation of a sustainable sanitation and wastewater treatment sistem at Jiuzhaigou national park, Sichuan Province, China. Environmental Management. 45:93-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 00267-009-9398-1
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Jenssen PD, Vrale L, Lindholm O. 2007. Sustainable wastewater treatment. Di dalam: Seng L, editor. Proceeding International Conference on Natural Resources and Environmental Management and Environmetal Safety and Health; 2007 November 27-29; Kuching, Malaysia. Kuching.
Japan International Coorporation Agency; Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum; Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 1991. The Study on Urban Drainage and Wastewater Disposal Project in the City of Jakarta. Jakarta: JICA
Japan International Coorporation Agency; Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum; Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 2012. Master Plan Pengelolaan Air Limbah di DKI Jakarta. Jakarta: JICA.
Kathijotes N. 2010. Wastewater management in developing counties: Nutrient input control in coastal cities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 42: 259 – 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sbspro.2012.04.189.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia. 2016. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor:P.68/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah. Jakarta: Biro Hukum.
Knerr H, Rechenburg A, Kistemann T, Schmitt TG. 2011. Performance of a MBR for the treatment of blackwater. Wat Scien and Tech. 63(6):1248-1254.
Kurniawan A. 2012. Konsep desain instalasi pengolahan air limbah skala komunal dalam rangka purifikasi kualitas air sungai di Jakarta. Di dalam: Annual Engineering Seminar; 2012 Februari 16; Jogyakarta, Indonesia, Jogyakarta .
Ladiyance S, Yuliana L. 2014. Variabel-variabel yang memengaruhi kesediaan membayar (willingness to pay) masyarakat Bidaracina Jatinegara Jakarta Timur. Jurnal Ilmiah Widya. 2:41-47. https://e-journal. Jurwidyakop3.com/index.php/jurnal -ilmiah/ article/view/173.
Lundin M, Morrison GM. 2002. A life cycle assessment based procedure for development of environmental sustainability indikators for urban water sistems. Urban Water. 4:145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00015-8.
Masduqi A. 2010. Keberlanjutan sistem penyediaan air bersih perpipaan di pedesaan [disertasi]. Surabaya: Institut Teknologi Surabaya.
Masoud MA, Tarhini A, Nasr JA. 2009. Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries. Journal of Environmental Management. 90: 652-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2008.07.001.
Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL. 1991. Wastewater engineering: treatment disposal reuse. USA: McGraw-Hill.Inc
Muga HE, Mihelcic JR. 2008. Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies. Journal of Environmental Management. 88:437-447. https:// doi. org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.008.
Mukherjee N, Van Wijk C. 2003. Sustainability Planning And Monitoring In Community Water Supply And Sanitation : A Guide on The Methodology for Participatory Assessment (MPA) for Community-Driven Development Programs. Washington DC: The World Bank Water and Sanitaton Program. http://www.wsp.org/pdfs/mpa %2020 30 .pdf
Nhapi I, Gijzen J, Huub. 2004. A three step strategic approach to sustainable wastewater management, Water SA. 31(1):133-140. https://doi.org/10.4314/ wsa. v31i1.5130.
Paramita N. 2009. Pemilihan Pengolahan Sanitasi Setempat Berkelanjutan Berbasis Masyarakat Melalui Program PNPM Mandiri (studi kasus: Kelurahan Sadang Serang Bandung [tesis]. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 2009. Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara.
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 2016. Peraturan Gubernur Provinsi DKI Jakarta Nomor 41 Tahun 2016 tentang Rencana Induk Pengembangan Prasarana Dan Sarana Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik. Jakarta: Sekretaris Daerah.
Prüss-Üstün A, Kay D, Fewtrell L, Bartram J. 2004. Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. di dalam: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL eds. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks. World Health Organization. Geneva.
Pushpangadan K, Murugan G. 2008. On the measurement of sustainability of rural water supply in India: supervaluationist - degree theory approach. Di dalam: School of Sosial Sciences, University of Manchester, editor. Develoment Economics Seminar; 2008 Februari 12; Manchester, United Kingdom. Manchester.
Razif M, Soemarno, Yanuwiadi B, Rachmansyah A, Belgiawan PF. 2015. Implementation of regression linear method to predict WWTP cost for EIA: case study of ten malls in Surabaya City. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 28:158-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.022.
Ren J, Liang H. 2017. Multi-criteria group decision-making based sustainability measurement of wastewater treatment processes. Environmental Impact Assessment Riview. 65: 91-99.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2017.04.008.
Said NI. 2008. Pengolahan ir limbah domestic di DKI Jakarta "Tinjauan Permasalahan, Strategi dan Teknologi Pengolahan". Jakarta: BPPT.
Setiawati E, Notodarmojo S, Soewondo P, Effendi AJ, Otoka BW. 2013. Infrastructure development strategy for sustainable wastewater sistem by using SEM method (case study Setiabudi and Tebet districts, South Jakarta), Procedia Environmental Sciences. 17:685-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. proenv.2013.02.085.
Shaikh, Sameer SK, Younus SK. 2015. Grey water reuse: a sustainable solution of water crisis in Pusad City in Maharashtra, India, International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication. 3(2):167-170. http: //www.ijritcc.org/download/1427442112.pdf
Umaly RC, Cuvin MLA. 1988. Limnology: Laboratory and field guide, Physico-chemical factors, Biological factors. Metro Manila: National Book Store, Inc. Publishers.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Hydrological Programme. 2006. Technical Document in Hydrology: Practices And Experiences Of Water And Wastewater Technology. Nomor 79. Paris: UNESCO/IHP.
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, International Hydrological Programme; Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH. 2006. Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation: Concepts for Ecologically Sustainable Sanitation in Formal and Continuing Education. Paris: UNESCO/IHP and GTZ.
Van der Wulp SA, Dsikowitzky L, Hesse KJ, Schwarzbauer J. 2016. Master Plan Jakarta, Indonesia: The Giant Seawall and the need for structural treatment of municipal waste water. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 110(2):686-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.048
Werner M. 2009. Water and wastewater sistems sustainability in remote Australia. Master of Engineering [thesis]. Wollongong: School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering-Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong.
Wirawan SMS, Maarif MS, Riani E, Anwar S. 2018. An evaluation of the sustainability of domestik wastewater management in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. Advances in Environmental Sciences-Bioflux. 10(3):147-159. http://www.aes.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2018.147-159.pdf
World Health Organization. 2006. Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environtment: Towards An Estimate of The Environmental Burden of Disease. Switzerland, Swiss. Switzerland (CH).
Ajayi TO, Ogunbayo AO. 2012. Achieving environmental sustainability in wastewater treatment by phytoremediation with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Journal of. Sustainable Developmen. 5(7):80-90. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v5n7p80.
Balkema A, Preisig HA, Otterpohl R, Lambert FJD. 2002. Indicators for the sustainability assessment of wastewater treatment sistem. Urban Water. 4:153-161. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/ S1462- 0758(02)00014-6.
Badan Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 2016. Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2015. Jakarta (ID): Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta.
Bracken P, Kvarnström E, Ysunza A, Kärrman E, Finnson A, Saywell D. 2005. Making sustainable choices-the development and use of sustainability oriented criteria in sanitary decision making. Di dalam: [CSIR] Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, editor. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Ecological Sanitation; 2005 May 23-27; Durban, South Africa. Pretoria.
Bradley BR, Daiger GT, Rubin R, Tchobanoglous G. 2002. Evaluation of onsite wastewater treatment technologies using sustainable development criteria. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 4:87-99. https://doi.org/ 10. 1007/s10098-001-0130-y.
Badan Regulator Pelayanan Air Minum DKI Jakarta. 2017. Kinerja kuartal I/2017: Target penurunan NRW masih senjang 2 digit. Jakarta: www.brpamdki. org/peformance-2017/detail/199/
Boyd CE. 1990. Water Quality In Ponds For Aquaculture. Alabama: Auburn University.
De Carvalho SCP, Carden KJ, Armitage NP. 2008. Application of a sustainability index for integrated urban water management in sourthern africa cities: case study comparison Maputo and Hermanus. Di dalam: Water Institute Of Sourthern Africa (WISA) Biennial Conference; 2008 May 18-22; Sun City, South Africa. Sun City.
Djakapermana RD. 2010. Pengembangan Wilayah: Melalui Pendekatan Kesisteman. Bogor: IPB Press.
Flores A, Bukley C, Fenner R. 2008. Selecting Wastewater Sistem for Sustainability In Developing Countries. Di dalam: 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage. 2008 Augustus 31-September 5; Edinburgh, Scotland. United Kingdom.
Friedler E, Pisanty E. 2006. Effect of design flow and treatment level on construction and operation costs of municipal wastewater treatment plants and their implications on policy making. Water Research. 40:3751-3758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres. 2006.08.015.
Gaulke LS, Weiyang X, Scanlon A, Henk A, Hinckley T. 2009. Evaluation criteria for implementation of a sustainable sanitation and wastewater treatment sistem at Jiuzhaigou national park, Sichuan Province, China. Environmental Management. 45:93-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s 00267-009-9398-1
Iskandar R. 2010. Prilaku rumah tangga dalam pengelolaan limbah domestik – kasus desa-desa wilayah Jakarta, Depok dan Bogor sepanjang sungai Ciliwung [disertasi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Jenssen PD, Vrale L, Lindholm O. 2007. Sustainable wastewater treatment. Di dalam: Seng L, editor. Proceeding International Conference on Natural Resources and Environmental Management and Environmetal Safety and Health; 2007 November 27-29; Kuching, Malaysia. Kuching.
Japan International Coorporation Agency; Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum; Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 1991. The Study on Urban Drainage and Wastewater Disposal Project in the City of Jakarta. Jakarta: JICA
Japan International Coorporation Agency; Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum; Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 2012. Master Plan Pengelolaan Air Limbah di DKI Jakarta. Jakarta: JICA.
Kathijotes N. 2010. Wastewater management in developing counties: Nutrient input control in coastal cities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 42: 259 – 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.sbspro.2012.04.189.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia. 2016. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor:P.68/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016 tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah. Jakarta: Biro Hukum.
Knerr H, Rechenburg A, Kistemann T, Schmitt TG. 2011. Performance of a MBR for the treatment of blackwater. Wat Scien and Tech. 63(6):1248-1254.
Kurniawan A. 2012. Konsep desain instalasi pengolahan air limbah skala komunal dalam rangka purifikasi kualitas air sungai di Jakarta. Di dalam: Annual Engineering Seminar; 2012 Februari 16; Jogyakarta, Indonesia, Jogyakarta .
Ladiyance S, Yuliana L. 2014. Variabel-variabel yang memengaruhi kesediaan membayar (willingness to pay) masyarakat Bidaracina Jatinegara Jakarta Timur. Jurnal Ilmiah Widya. 2:41-47. https://e-journal. Jurwidyakop3.com/index.php/jurnal -ilmiah/ article/view/173.
Lundin M, Morrison GM. 2002. A life cycle assessment based procedure for development of environmental sustainability indikators for urban water sistems. Urban Water. 4:145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(02)00015-8.
Masduqi A. 2010. Keberlanjutan sistem penyediaan air bersih perpipaan di pedesaan [disertasi]. Surabaya: Institut Teknologi Surabaya.
Masoud MA, Tarhini A, Nasr JA. 2009. Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: applicability in developing countries. Journal of Environmental Management. 90: 652-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2008.07.001.
Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL. 1991. Wastewater engineering: treatment disposal reuse. USA: McGraw-Hill.Inc
Muga HE, Mihelcic JR. 2008. Sustainability of wastewater treatment technologies. Journal of Environmental Management. 88:437-447. https:// doi. org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.008.
Mukherjee N, Van Wijk C. 2003. Sustainability Planning And Monitoring In Community Water Supply And Sanitation : A Guide on The Methodology for Participatory Assessment (MPA) for Community-Driven Development Programs. Washington DC: The World Bank Water and Sanitaton Program. http://www.wsp.org/pdfs/mpa %2020 30 .pdf
Nhapi I, Gijzen J, Huub. 2004. A three step strategic approach to sustainable wastewater management, Water SA. 31(1):133-140. https://doi.org/10.4314/ wsa. v31i1.5130.
Paramita N. 2009. Pemilihan Pengolahan Sanitasi Setempat Berkelanjutan Berbasis Masyarakat Melalui Program PNPM Mandiri (studi kasus: Kelurahan Sadang Serang Bandung [tesis]. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. 2009. Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara.
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. 2016. Peraturan Gubernur Provinsi DKI Jakarta Nomor 41 Tahun 2016 tentang Rencana Induk Pengembangan Prasarana Dan Sarana Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik. Jakarta: Sekretaris Daerah.
Prüss-Üstün A, Kay D, Fewtrell L, Bartram J. 2004. Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. di dalam: Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL eds. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks. World Health Organization. Geneva.
Pushpangadan K, Murugan G. 2008. On the measurement of sustainability of rural water supply in India: supervaluationist - degree theory approach. Di dalam: School of Sosial Sciences, University of Manchester, editor. Develoment Economics Seminar; 2008 Februari 12; Manchester, United Kingdom. Manchester.
Razif M, Soemarno, Yanuwiadi B, Rachmansyah A, Belgiawan PF. 2015. Implementation of regression linear method to predict WWTP cost for EIA: case study of ten malls in Surabaya City. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 28:158-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.022.
Ren J, Liang H. 2017. Multi-criteria group decision-making based sustainability measurement of wastewater treatment processes. Environmental Impact Assessment Riview. 65: 91-99.https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2017.04.008.
Said NI. 2008. Pengolahan ir limbah domestic di DKI Jakarta "Tinjauan Permasalahan, Strategi dan Teknologi Pengolahan". Jakarta: BPPT.
Setiawati E, Notodarmojo S, Soewondo P, Effendi AJ, Otoka BW. 2013. Infrastructure development strategy for sustainable wastewater sistem by using SEM method (case study Setiabudi and Tebet districts, South Jakarta), Procedia Environmental Sciences. 17:685-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. proenv.2013.02.085.
Shaikh, Sameer SK, Younus SK. 2015. Grey water reuse: a sustainable solution of water crisis in Pusad City in Maharashtra, India, International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication. 3(2):167-170. http: //www.ijritcc.org/download/1427442112.pdf
Umaly RC, Cuvin MLA. 1988. Limnology: Laboratory and field guide, Physico-chemical factors, Biological factors. Metro Manila: National Book Store, Inc. Publishers.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, International Hydrological Programme. 2006. Technical Document in Hydrology: Practices And Experiences Of Water And Wastewater Technology. Nomor 79. Paris: UNESCO/IHP.
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, International Hydrological Programme; Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH. 2006. Capacity Building for Ecological Sanitation: Concepts for Ecologically Sustainable Sanitation in Formal and Continuing Education. Paris: UNESCO/IHP and GTZ.
Van der Wulp SA, Dsikowitzky L, Hesse KJ, Schwarzbauer J. 2016. Master Plan Jakarta, Indonesia: The Giant Seawall and the need for structural treatment of municipal waste water. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 110(2):686-693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.048
Werner M. 2009. Water and wastewater sistems sustainability in remote Australia. Master of Engineering [thesis]. Wollongong: School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering-Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong.
Wirawan SMS, Maarif MS, Riani E, Anwar S. 2018. An evaluation of the sustainability of domestik wastewater management in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. Advances in Environmental Sciences-Bioflux. 10(3):147-159. http://www.aes.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2018.147-159.pdf
World Health Organization. 2006. Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environtment: Towards An Estimate of The Environmental Burden of Disease. Switzerland, Swiss. Switzerland (CH).
Published
2019-12-14
How to Cite
Wirawan, M. (2019). Kajian Kualitatif Pengelolaan Air Limbah Domestik di DKI Jakarta . Jurnal Riset Jakarta, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.37439/jurnaldrd.v12i2.12
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